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August 27, 2026AI medicine.Open Access

Large Language Models for Differential Diagnosis: A Survey of Performance, Collaboration, and Technical Strategies

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Authors

YWYunjia WuQYQi YanDTDingcheng Tian

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Overview

Review reveals large language models generate comprehensive differential diagnoses but trail experienced physicians, suggesting clinical supervision is necessary to mitigate errors.

Key Points

  • To review the performance, technical adaptations, and collaborative potential of large language models in diagnostic reasoning and differential diagnosis across various clinical domains.
  • Synthesized literature on LLM applications in differential diagnosis, focusing primarily on internal medicine and pediatrics, with additional evidence from radiology, surgery, infectious disease, and mental health.
  • Analyzed technical strategies including prompting techniques, domain adaptation, external knowledge integration, and interactive clinician workflows.
  • LLMs generate broader and better-organized differential diagnoses comparable to medical trainees, though experienced clinicians consistently maintain higher overall diagnostic reliability.
  • Domain adaptation and interactive workflows improve model outputs, but persistent issues with hallucinations, automation bias, and governance remain unresolved.
  • Current evidence supports clinician-supervised AI implementation rather than autonomous diagnostic systems.

Cite This Study

Wu et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a8fe98110c91c1e9262109fhttps://doi.org/10.53941/aim.2026.100007
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