Special Issue “Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Primary and Secondary Prevention”

Q: What is the clinical evidence from this study?

Study design: Editorial. Population: Cardiovascular diseases. Intervention: Exercise training.

Q: What does this research mean for the field?

Exercise training serves as a crucial intervention for modifying cardiovascular risk factors in both primary and secondary prevention settings. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.SYNTHESIS. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

Giuseppe Caminiti

doi:10.3390/jfmk11030331

August 25, 2026Journal of Functional Morphology and KinesiologyOpen Access

Special Issue “Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Primary and Secondary Prevention”

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Key result

Exercise training plays a central role across the continuum of cardiovascular prevention, with its benefits potentially enhanced by optimized modalities, complementary lifestyle interventions, and emerging technologies.

Key Points

Synthesize contemporary research on exercise training across the continuum of primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention, highlighting novel modalities, environmental factors, and digital technologies.
Editorial overview evaluating nine published contributions on exercise training interventions for cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure.
Included studies investigated diverse protocols such as multidisciplinary lifestyle programs, high-intensity interval training, brief exercise bouts, isometric resistance exercise, normobaric hypoxia, and artificial intelligence applications.
A flexible, multidisciplinary 16-week intervention in adults with body mass index > 30 kg/m 2 achieved clinically meaningful weight loss and a 14% improvement in the lean mass-to-fat mass ratio.
Acute post-exercise hypotension was confirmed after isometric leg extension in ischemic heart disease and circuit-based resistance training in peripheral artery disease.
In cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction, endurance training under simulated hypoxia of 2000 m improved left ventricular function, whereas 3000 m improved exercise tolerance.

Structured PICO

P

Population

An editorial summarizing nine papers on the role of exercise training in primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention.

I

Intervention

Exercise training (ET) and physical activity

Limitations

Need for large, adequately powered randomized controlled trials with longer follow-up
Need to focus on defining optimal exercise modality, intensity, volume, and duration
Need for greater inclusion of older adults, women, patients with multimorbidity, and underrepresented populations

Implication

This editorial summarizes a special issue demonstrating the broad benefits of exercise training across primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention and highlights future directions for research.

Discussion

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Cite This Study

Giuseppe Caminiti (2026) conducted an editorial in Cardiovascular diseases. Exercise training was evaluated. Exercise training plays a central role across the continuum of cardiovascular prevention, with its benefits potentially enhanced by optimized modalities, complementary lifestyle interventions, and emerging technologies.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a8fe98110c91c1e926210fc https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk11030331

View Full Paper

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Special Issue “Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Primary and Secondary Prevention”

Key Points

Structured PICO

Limitations

Implication

Discussion

Cite This Study

Special Issue “Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Primary and Secondary Prevention”

Key Points

Structured PICO

Limitations

Implication

Discussion

Cite This Study

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