What does this research mean for the field?

State Variable Mutation, implemented in the DGRed tool, reduces smart contract deployment gas costs by an average of 15.65% through guided reordering of state variable declarations without affecting execution efficiency or semantic equivalence. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.METHODOLOGICAL. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

What question did this study set out to answer?

To minimize smart contract deployment costs by optimizing state variable declarations without modifying contract functionality or execution efficiency.

August 27, 2026Distributed Ledger Technologies Research and Practice

Tetris for Gas: State Variable Mutation for Reducing Smart Contract Deployment Costs

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Authors

CMCharalambos Mitropoulos DVDimitrios Vlachos VSVaggelis Saroukos

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Overview

Empirical evaluation demonstrates up to 32.72% deployment gas savings across 300 smart contracts via state variable mutation, highlighting cost reduction without sacrificing runtime efficiency.

Key Points

To minimize smart contract deployment costs by optimizing state variable declarations without modifying contract functionality or execution efficiency.
Analyzed Solidity storage internals to identify deployment gas overhead caused by compiler masking and shifting operations during variable packing.
Developed DGRed, an automated tool that identifies semantic-preserving reorderings of state variable declarations.
Evaluated deployment and execution gas on 300 real-world smart contracts, benchmarking against optimization tools GasSaver and GASOL as well as compiler flag tuning.
Achieved an average deployment gas reduction of 15.65% (52,850 gas units per contract, up to 32.72% maximum), saving a total of 15,854,883 gas units across 300 contracts.
Outperformed GasSaver (4.91% average reduction) and GASOL (2.83% average reduction) while maintaining 100% semantic preservation and valid bytecode (0 errors vs. 148 in GasSaver and 234 in GASOL).
Produced identical runtime execution gas across all 100 contracts evaluated for runtime impact, delivering over 8-fold greater deployment savings than Solidity compiler flag tuning alone.

Cite This Study

Mitropoulos et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a8fe99110c91c1e926212d5 https://doi.org/10.1145/3840292

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August 27, 2026Distributed Ledger Technologies Research and Practice

Tetris for Gas: State Variable Mutation for Reducing Smart Contract Deployment Costs

View Full Paper

Ask AI

Bookmark

Authors

CMCharalambos Mitropoulos DVDimitrios Vlachos VSVaggelis Saroukos

Discussion

Member takes

Overview

Empirical evaluation demonstrates up to 32.72% deployment gas savings across 300 smart contracts via state variable mutation, highlighting cost reduction without sacrificing runtime efficiency.

Key Points

To minimize smart contract deployment costs by optimizing state variable declarations without modifying contract functionality or execution efficiency.
Analyzed Solidity storage internals to identify deployment gas overhead caused by compiler masking and shifting operations during variable packing.
Developed DGRed, an automated tool that identifies semantic-preserving reorderings of state variable declarations.
Evaluated deployment and execution gas on 300 real-world smart contracts, benchmarking against optimization tools GasSaver and GASOL as well as compiler flag tuning.
Achieved an average deployment gas reduction of 15.65% (52,850 gas units per contract, up to 32.72% maximum), saving a total of 15,854,883 gas units across 300 contracts.
Outperformed GasSaver (4.91% average reduction) and GASOL (2.83% average reduction) while maintaining 100% semantic preservation and valid bytecode (0 errors vs. 148 in GasSaver and 234 in GASOL).
Produced identical runtime execution gas across all 100 contracts evaluated for runtime impact, delivering over 8-fold greater deployment savings than Solidity compiler flag tuning alone.

Cite This Study

Mitropoulos et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a8fe99110c91c1e926212d5 https://doi.org/10.1145/3840292

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