A formulation‐driven plant‐derived nanoemulsion for root‐knot nematode control in tomato: efficacy across pot and greenhouse conditions

Objective Nanoemulsion‐based delivery systems offer a promising approach to improve the stability and biological performance of plant‐derived nematicides. This study evaluated a plant‐derived nanoemulsion based on Nerium oleander extract against M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. hapla under controlled pot and commercial greenhouse conditions. Method The nanoemulsion was evaluated at 2–10 mL L −1 under pot conditions and 6–10 L ha −1 in greenhouse trials, with commercial nematicides used as references. Results Increasing application rates significantly reduced gall formation across all tested species. At 10 mL L −1 , gall indices were 3.40, 3.10, and 3.00 for M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. hapla, respectively. In greenhouse trials, 10 L ha −1 achieved 85.33% efficacy (gall index 0.97), approaching the commercial botanical reference (89.35%; gall index 0.76). Discussion The consistent performance across pot and greenhouse experiments indicates that the nanoemulsion maintains its biological activity across experimental scales and supports its potential as a sustainable alternative for integrated nematode management.