Cationic [Rh(cod)2]+BF4− and various phosphines were employed as in situ catalysts for the first regiospecific anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of aromatic olefins, particularly styrene and substituted styrenes (see diagram). Hydroamination with secondary aliphatic amines, especially morpholine and N-arylpiperazines, was also achieved in the presence of these catalysts. Kinetic studies and isotopic labeling experiments gave insight into the possible reaction pathways. The parameters which influence the amination yield and product ratios were investigated in detail.
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Beller et al. (1999) studied this question.