Key result
In healthy adults, circulating plasma kinin levels were in the very low picomolar range, whereas endogenous levels in nasal epithelial lining fluid were substantially higher.
Why the study?
The in vivo role of the kallikrein-kinin system in humans remains unclear due to divergent published kinin levels and limited reporting of single kinins, requiring a well-characterized healthy cohort to understand biological variability.
Cross-Sectional (n=28)
No
Endogenous kinin levels are substantially higher in nasal epithelial lining fluid compared to plasma, providing a baseline reference for future biomarker studies in diseases like COVID-19 and angioedema.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Provides reference kinin profiles in healthy adults; leaves open their utility as disease biomarkers.
Background The kallikrein-kinin system is assumed to have a multifunctional role in health and disease, but its in vivo role in humans currently remains unclear owing to the divergence of plasma kinin level data published ranging from the low picomolar to high nanomolar range, even in healthy volunteers. Moreover, existing data are often restricted on reporting levels of single kinins, thus neglecting the distinct effects of active kinins on bradykinin (BK) receptors considering diverse metabolic pathways. A well-characterized and comprehensively evaluated healthy cohort is imperative for a better understanding of the biological variability of kinin profiles to enable reliable differentiation concerning disease-specific kinin profiles. Methods To study biological levels and variability of kinin profiles comprehensively, 28 healthy adult volunteers were enrolled. Nasal lavage fluid and plasma were sampled in customized protease inhibitor prespiked tubes using standardized protocols, proven to limit inter-day and interindividual variability significantly. Nine kinins were quantitatively assessed using validated LC–MS/MS platforms: kallidin (KD), Hyp4-KD, KD1-9, BK, Hyp3-BK, BK1-8, BK1-7, BK1-5, and BK2-9. Kinin concentrations in nasal epithelial lining fluid were estimated by correlation using urea. Results Circulating plasma kinin levels were confirmed in the very low picomolar range with levels below 4.2 pM for BK and even lower levels for the other kinins. Endogenous kinin levels in nasal epithelial lining fluids were substantially higher, including median levels of 80.0 pM for KD and 139.1 pM for BK. Hydroxylated BK levels were higher than mean BK concentrations (Hyp3-BK/BK = 1.6), but hydroxylated KD levels were substantially lower than KD (Hyp4-KD/KD = 0.37). No gender-specific differences on endogenous kinin levels were found. Conclusions This well-characterized healthy cohort enables investigation of the potential of kinins as biomarkers and would provide a valid control group to study alterations of kinin profiles in diseases, such as angioedema, sepsis, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and COVID-19.
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Gangnus et al. (2022) conducted a cross-sectional in Healthy (n=28). Endogenous kinin levels was evaluated on Endogenous kinin levels in plasma and nasal epithelial lining fluid. In healthy adults, circulating plasma kinin levels were in the very low picomolar range, whereas endogenous levels in nasal epithelial lining fluid were substantially higher.
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