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A preconditioner is applied to the electric‐field integral equation, to improve the convergence of iterative integral‐equation solvers, such as the conjugate‐gradient (CG) method. The preconditioner accounts for (expansion function)–(testing function) interactions in the vicinity of a given basis function, requiring order N complexity for N unknowns. Example results are presented for microwave scattering calculations for targets in the vicinity of a half space (soil), with results computed via a multilevel fast multipole algorithm.
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Xie et al. (2001) studied this question.
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