Residual paramagnetic impurities in a sapphire monocrystal multi-mode resonator can provide a means of temperature compensation so that the effect of temperature fluctuations on the frequency of an ultra-stable cryogenic microwave oscillator can be reduced to second order. Modes investigated at X-band in 3 and 5 cm diameter resonators exhibited a wide range of effective paramagnetic filling factors, and frequency-temperature turning points in the range 5 to 13 K. The observations agree well with theory.
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Mann et al. (1992) studied this question.
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