An waveguide-type optical circulator can be constructed with an optical nonreciprocal phase shifter and 3-dB directional couplers. We have measured nonreciprocal phase shift in a Bi-substituted Gd3Fe5O12(abbreviated as Bi:GdIG) thin film. It is shown that the optical circulator of several millimeters length can be realized by using Bi:GdIG.
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Mizumoto et al. (1986) studied this question.
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