Knowledge, attitudes, and practices on rational antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in Namibia: an online cross-sectional survey

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Understanding public knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR is essential for designing effective interventions. Through this cross-sectional study, we aimed to assess the KAP related to rational AMU and AMR among Namibian adults using an online, self-administered survey. Methods: tests. Results: Most of the 541 respondents were female (70%), aged 25-34 (40.5%) and had a tertiary education (91.9%). Good knowledge, attitudes, and practices were observed in 64.3%, 79.7%, and 74.9% of participants, respectively. Higher KAP scores were associated with education, employment, urban residence, and access to water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure. Misconceptions persisted across all groups, however, particularly regarding AMU in healthy animals and personal AMR risk. Conclusions: While surveyed participants demonstrated generally good KAP, gaps remain. Our findings support the need for targeted AMR education campaigns and policy interventions, which need to be supported by a better understanding of the KAP of Namibian adults regarding AMU and AMR.