Two existing methods for the examination of the surfaces of opaque objects are reviewed with their respective merits and disadvantages. A new method is described which obviates most of these disadvantages but which is simple in operation and involves inexpensive equipment. The instrument described involves the use of a single objective with a preceding optical system and can be used on a conventional microscope stand. The aperture is unrestricted, and the lateral resolution of the microscope is not impaired. To illustrate the utility of the method, some applications are described and the results presented as photographs.
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J. Dyson (1953) studied this question.