Two new expressions for the pH of saturation (pHs) were derived. One is a simplified equation developed from an aqueous carbonate equilibrium system in which correction for ionic strength was considered. The other is a more accurate quadratic formula that involves computerized calculation of pHs and takes into account ionic speciation and an activity correction factor. Different methods of determining pHs of 155 water samples were compared using the Langelier equation, the Larson–Buswell formula, the two pHs equations derived in this study, two mathematical models obtained from multivariate analysis, the WATSPEC2 computer program, and Caldwell–Lawrence diagrams.
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Pisigan et al. (1985) studied this question.
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