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January 6, 2022PLoS MedicineOpen Access

A 1 SD higher BMI at 18 years was associated with 0.36 SD (95% CI 0.20-0.52) higher extremely large VLDL particles at 25 years in males compared with 0.15 SD (95% CI 0.09-0.21) in females (p=0.02 for sex difference), whereas at 50 years, associations were similar between sexes (p=0.42 for sex difference).

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Why the study?

Sex differences in cardiometabolic disease risk across the life course are poorly understood and may stem from different associations of adiposity with cardiometabolic risk in females and males.

Are adiposity measures differently associated with cardiometabolic trait levels in females and males at different life stages?

Population

3,081 G1 offspring and 4,887 G0 parents in the UK ALSPAC birth cohort

Comparison

Sex-specific associations of adiposity measures with cardiometabolic traits across 3 life stages

Design

Multi-life stage population-based birth cohort study

Follow-up

Up to 25 y

Discussion

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Overview

May inform earlier male cardiometabolic screening; supports sex- and age-stratified research but should not yet change practice.

Structured PICO

Are adiposity measures differently associated with cardiometabolic trait levels in females and males at different life stages?

P
Population
7,968 participants (3,081 offspring [Generation 1] and 4,887 parents [Generation 0]) from the United Kingdom population-based birth cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).
I
Intervention
Adiposity measures including body mass index (BMI), total fat mass from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and waist circumference assessed at multiple life stages.
C
Comparator
Comparison between males and females across different life stages (childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, and midlife).
O
Outcome
Concentrations of 148 cardiometabolic traits quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, measured 3 to 6 years after adiposity assessment in Generation 1, and cross-sectionally at age 50 in Generation 0.surrogate

Adiposity is more strongly associated with adverse cardiometabolic traits in males during adolescence and young adulthood, whereas the risk becomes similar between sexes by midlife, suggesting young males are a high-priority target for obesity prevention.

Limitations

  • Observational nature (cannot infer causality)
  • Requires replication in independent cohorts

Cite This Study

A 2022 study studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a910eb84290e6989a3608d8https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003636
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Sex-specific trajectories of molecular cardiometabolic traits from childhood to young adulthood2023 · 17 citations
  2. 2Sex-specific associations of childhood socioeconomic position and trajectories of metabolic traits across early life: prospective cohort study2022
  3. 3Obesity, central adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents: a family‐based study2014 · 117 citations
  4. 4Age-related changes in adiposity and cardiometabolic disease risk: a longitudinal and prospective study in the UK Biobank2026
  5. 5Sex-specific body fat distribution predicts cardiovascular ageing2025 · 40 citations