Influence of Dietary Chitosan Feeding Duration on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in a Diabetic Rat Model

Figure 1. Effects of chitosan on metabolic signaling protein expression in the liver of diabetic rats with different feeding durations. (A) 6-week feeding duration; (B) 11-week feeding duration. The protein expressions for phosphorylated AMPK, AMPK, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, MTTP, SREBP1c, and β-actin (internal control) were determined by Western blot analysis. The quantification is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Effects of chitosan on metabolic signaling protein expression in the liver of diabetic rats with different feeding durations. (A) 6-week feeding duration; (B) 11-week feeding duration. The protein expression for phosphorylated AMPK, AMPK, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, MTTP, SREBP1c, and β-actin (internal control) was determined by Western blot analysis. The densitometrical quantification is shown. Results are expressed as mean ± S.D. for each group (n = 4–6). The significant difference (p < 0.05) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and two-tailed Student’s t-test. *: versus C; #: versus DM; @: versus DM + TZD.

Figure 3. Effects of chitosan on metabolic signaling protein expression in the plasma and intestine of diabetic rats with different feeding durations. (A) 6-week feeding duration; (B) 11-week feeding duration. The protein expressions for Angptl4, ApoCIII, MTTP, and β-actin (internal control) were determined by Western blot analysis. The quantification is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Effects of chitosan on metabolic signaling protein expression in the plasma and intestine of diabetic rats with different feeding durations. (A) 6-week feeding duration; (B) 11-week feeding duration. The protein expressions for Angptl4, ApoCIII, MTTP, and β-actin (internal control) were determined by Western blot analysis. The densitometrical quantification is shown. Results are expressed as mean ± S.D. for each group (n = 4–6). Significant difference (p < 0.05) analyzed by one-way ANOVA and two-tailed Student’s t-test. *: versus C; #: versus DM; @: versus DM + TZD.

Figure 5. Effects of chitosan on LPL activity and lipolysis rate in the perirenal adipose tissue of diabetic rats with different feeding durations. (A) 6-week feeding duration; (B) 11-week feeding duration. (a) LPL activity; (b) lipolysis rate. Results are expressed as mean ± S.D. for each group (n = 8). Significant differences (p < 0.05) analyzed by one-way ANOVA and two-tailed Student’s t-test. *: versus C; #: versus DM; &: versus CS; @: versus DM + TZD.