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August 28, 2026Korean Journal of Child StudiesOpen Access

Infants’ Negative Emotionality and Regulatory Behavior: A Moderated Moderation Model of Maternal Interactional-Effectiveness and Parenting Sense of Competence

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Authors

MSMin SunSeoul National UniversityYKYujin KimSeoul National UniversityKLKangyi LeeSeoul National University

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Implication

Panel study reveals effective maternal interaction protects regulatory behavior in temperamentally difficult infants when maternal competence is low, highlighting targeted behavioral support.

Key Points

  • To investigate whether maternal interactional-effectiveness and parenting sense of competence jointly moderate the association between infant negative emotionality and regulatory behavior.
  • Analyzed cohort data from 356 mothers participating in the first and second stages of the Korean Early Childhood Education & Care Panel Study.
  • Conducted a three-way moderated moderation analysis using SPSS 25.0 and the PROCESS macro (Model 3).
  • Infants' negative emotionality alone did not significantly predict regulatory behavior.
  • A significant three-way interaction emerged: high maternal interactional-effectiveness protected regulatory behavior in temperamentally difficult infants specifically when parenting sense of competence was low.
  • The protective moderation effect of maternal interactional-effectiveness diminished at average parenting competence and was non-significant when competence was high, indicating a compensatory function.

Cite This Study

Sun et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a914602d15324a1df3a93ddhttps://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2026.47.3.163
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Effects of Negative Emotionality on Parenting and Problem Behaviors During Early Childhood: Moderating Effects of Mother and Fathers’ Effortful Control and Parenting Behavior2024
  2. 2The Effects of Maternal Emotional Dysregulation on Preschoolers’ Problem Behavior: The Mediating Roles of Parenting Efficacy and Parenting Behavior2025
  3. 3Maternal Child Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence: Effects on Perceptions of Infant Temperament and the Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation and Responsiveness2026
  4. 4The effectiveness of maternal regulatory attempts in the development of infant emotion regulation2024 · 2 citations
  5. 5Effects of Maternal Depression and Sensitivity on Infant Emotion Regulation: The Role of Context2025 · 2 citations