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Long-range forces (capillary force) are used in the self-assembly of three-dimensional (3D) micropatterns of aligned carbon nanotubes films. This method involves the spreading of a droplet of water after the growth of the carbon nanotube film. Controlling the density of the carbon nanotube film is crucial to the formation of 3D patterned structures (see picture).
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Liu et al. (2004) studied this question.
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