Angle-dependent x-ray-emission spectroscopy is a method for studying adsorbed molecules, which makes it possible to directly probe the electronic states responsible for the surface chemical bond. This technique allows the separation of the adsorbate density of states both in terms of atomic site and orbital symmetry. This is demonstrated for CO adsorbed on Ni(100) and Cu(100). The occupied part of the 2{π}-3d adsorbate-substrate bond, projected on the C and O atoms, is observed directly.
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Nilsson et al. (1995) studied this question.