Explainable machine learning predictions to help anesthesiologists prevent hypoxemia during surgery

Hypoxemia causes serious patient harm, and while anesthesiologists strive to avoid hypoxemia during surgery, anesthesiologists are not reliably able to predict which patients will have intraoperative hypoxemia. Using minute by minute EMR data from fifty thousand surgeries we developed and tested a machine learning based system called Prescience that predicts real-time hypoxemia risk and presents an explanation of factors contributing to that risk during general anesthesia. Prescience improved anesthesiologists’ performance when providing interpretable hypoxemia risks with contributing factors . The results suggest that if anesthesiologists currently anticipate 15% of events, then with Prescience assistance they could anticipate 30% of events or an estimated additional 2.4 million annually in the US, a large portion of which may be preventable because they are attributable to modifiable factors. The prediction explanations are broadly consistent with the literature and anesthesiologists’ prior knowledge. Prescience can also improve clinical understanding of hypoxemia risk during anesthesia by providing general insights into the exact changes in risk induced by certain patient or procedure characteristics. Making predictions of complex medical machine learning models (such as Prescience) interpretable has broad applicability to other data-driven prediction tasks in medicine.