Machine Learning Approaches for Automated Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review of Electrocardiogram Data Applications

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been identified as the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a fundamental diagnostic tool used for the diagnosis and detection of these diseases. The new technological tools can help enhance the effectiveness of ECGs. Machine learning (ML) is widely acknowledged as a highly effective approach in the realm of computer-aided diagnostics. This article presents a review of the effectiveness of ML algorithms and deep-learning algorithms in diagnosing, identifying, and classifying CVDs using ECG data. The review identified relevant studies published in the 5 major databases: PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, Springer, and IEEE Xplore; between 2021 and 2023, a total of 30 were chosen for the comprehensive quantitative and qualitative. The study demonstrated that different datasets are available online with data related to CVDs. The various ML techniques are employed for the purpose of classification. Based on our investigation, it has been observed that deep learning-based neural network algorithms, such as convolutional neural networks and deep neural networks, have demonstrated superior performance in the detection of entire record data. Furthermore, deep learning showcases its efficacy even when confronted with a scarcity of data. ML approaches utilizing ECG data exhibit a notable proficiency in the realm of diagnosis, hence holding the potential to mitigate the occurrence of disease-related consequences at advanced stages.