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This paper analyzes pricing relationships between the producer, wholesale and retail levels of the U.S. fresh tomato industry. The results indicate that price transmission is unidirectional from producer to retail. There was no asymmetric response for the producer-retail price relationship. Asymmetric price response was exhibited between wholesalers and both producers and retailers. Retail prices respond more to rising wholesale prices than to falling prices. Wholesales prices, however, respond more to declining producer price than to rising producer price.
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Girapunthong et al. (2003) studied this question.
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