Evaluation of Country Risks on Foreign Direct Investment in Middle East Countries Using Data Envelopment Analysis (Dea): A Case Study

Emirates, Yemen (parts of the Asian continent), Egypt (part of African continent), and Cyprus (part of European continent). Turkey, like Cyprus, is a transcontinental state, but in general the countries of the Middle East form a cluster that has as a point of reference the geographical position. The World Bank provides a representative classification in the following main categories according to income such as: low, lower-middle, upper-middle, high income based on World Bank Atlas method. According to World Bank official reports, in the case of the current 2022 fiscal year, low-income countries (economies) are defined as those with a GNI per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method, of $1,045 or less in 2020. Moreover, lower middle-income countries (economies) are those with a GNI per capita between $1,046 and $4,095, while upper middle-income countries (economies) are those countries characterized by a GNI per capita between $4,096 and $12,695. In addition, high-income countries (economies) are represented by those with a GNI per capita of $12,696 or more.