In this paper we will start by presenting the interactions between the different kinds of proton exchange processes that may be used to create waveguides in congruent LiNbO 3 on the nonlinear properties of the crystal. We will then discuss the issues related to the interactions of the proton exchange processes with the electric field poling process. These observations are then used to choose the best protocol to create periodically poled waveguides in congruent LiNbO 3 .
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Marc de Micheli (2006) studied this question.
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