VLF measurements of the Poynting Flux along the geomagnetic field with the Injun 5 satellite

The direction of the Poynting flux, up or down the geomagnetic field, has been determined for several types of VLF radio noise phenomena observed with the Injun 5 satellite, thereby providing information about the source region of these waves and their propagation in the ionosphere. Determinations of the Poynting flux direction of proton whistlers show that they are propagating up the geomagnetic field lines in accordance with the accepted theory of proton whistler propagation, thus providing a good check on the experimental technique. Initial measurements are presented on the Poynting flux direction of ELF hiss, periodic emissions, VLF hiss, and chorus. Of particular interest is a new type of VLF emission called a saucer, which is found to be propagating upward from a source below the satellite. A qualitative explanation of the frequency-time shape of this new type of emission is presented.