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The risk of substance use in adolescence is increased by difficult temperament, aggressiveness, impulsivity, conduct problems, poor intelligence, desire to party, attachment to bad company, as well as bad (unjust, hard, indifferent) parenting and parental substance use. In addition to these individual level risk factors, cultural norms, attitudes and fashions, as well as opportunities to obtain substances of addiction are important. Several risk factors related to parent-child relations and coping with developmental problems that adolescents face are responsive to intervention.
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Kari Poikolainen (2002) studied this question.
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