Non‐similar bioconvective analysis of ternary‐hybrid nanofluid over a heated surface

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of a ternary hybrid nanofluid composed of distilled water (DW) as base fluid with titanium dioxide (, aluminum oxide , and zinc oxide nanoparticles under the influence of a heat source, thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and buoyancy effects. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into dimensionless form. Local non‐similarity (LNS) analysis is applied to approximate the dimensionless PDEs as a system of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs), while the perturbation method (PM) is employed to derive approximate analytical solutions for small parameter variations. The system is further solved numerically using MATLAB's built‐in “bvp4c” function. Velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are computed and presented graphically using LNS analysis via bvp4c. Additionally, the shear stress, density number, and rates of heat and mass transfer are calculated and compared using both the LNS analysis and the perturbation method. The findings reveal that an increase in the magnetic field parameter and nanoparticle volume fraction reduces the skin friction coefficient. Similarly, an increase in thermal radiation, the heat source parameter, and the Eckert number generally leads to a reduction in the Nusselt number. Moreover, rising Peclet and Schmidt numbers enhance the local density number, while increases in the Lewis number and chemical reaction parameter lead to higher Sherwood number.