Ternary Nanofluid Heat Transfer in Dilating/Squeezing Channel With Uniform Walls Seepage Under Joule Heating and Radiation Effects

Heat transfer in a ternary nanofluid between dilating and squeezing walls channel with uniform permeation is an interesting research direction. The use of thermal radiation, magnetic field, and Joule heating promotes its novelty regarding heat transfer. Thus, the key purpose of this research is to model and simulate innovative ternary nanofluid heat transfer under the influence of solar radiation, permeability, magnetic, and Joule heating phenomena, and the properties of nanostructured particles. An appropriate model for ternary nanofluid is developed for a permeable channel. The governing model reduced into final form by implementing similarity rules and then analyze the results via numerical approach. Along with thermal performance, Nusselt number, and shear drag results are also studied. The impacts of thermal radiation, nanoparticle concentration, permeability parameter, and Hartmann number on these results are analyzed via graphical representation. It is examined that thermal transport in ternary nanofluid improved when the strength of thermal radiation and the Ec number increased. Further, the addition of , , and higher highly opposed the fluid movement. The rate of heat transport and shear drag are observed to be high for ternary nanofluids followed by hybrid and conventional nanofluids. The results would be helpful in applied thermal and chemical engineering to boost or control the heat transfer process with suitable parameter ranges. The model results are valid for laminar flow regimes. Further, it is limited to viscous incompressible flow with uniform saturation of nanoparticles in the base fluid. This research concentrates on the performance of a ternary nanofluid using thermal radiation, heating source, Darcy and Forchheimer effects, viscous dissipation, resistive heating, and nanoparticle concentration.