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Chaos has been observed from a four-element autonomous circuit whose only nonlinear element is a two-terminal resistor characterized by a three-segment piecewise-linearυ-icharacteristic. Both laboratory measurements and computer simulations have confirmed the chaotic behavior to have resulted from the breakdown of a "quasi-periodic" attractor (torus) into a "folded torus." A two-parameter bifurcation diagram is carefully constructed to predict and explain various observed bifurcation phenomena, such as rotation number, devil's staircase, and Arnold tongue.
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Matsumoto et al. (1987) studied this question.
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