Radiation effects on photonic imagers-a historical perspective

Photonic imagers are being increasingly used in space systems, where they are exposed to the space radiation environment. Unique properties of these devices require special considerations for radiation effects. This paper summarizes the evolution of radiation effects understanding in infrared detector technology, charge coupled devices, and active pixel sensors. The paper provides a discussion of key radiation effects developments and a view of the future of the technologies from a radiation effects perspective.