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Vectorial electron transfer between identical chromophores across the polyelectrolyte multilayer walls of hollow microcapsules can be photoinduced (see picture). This is achieved by inserting pyrene units in sufficiently high concentration into a film and setting up a polarity gradient over nanometer dimensions along which the charge transfer is directed. PV=polyviologen; PSS-Py=polystyrenesulfonic acid/pyrene; PDADMAC=poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride).
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Li et al. (2003) studied this question.
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