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An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm together with a large-scale heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) network consisting of macrocells and energy-constrained IoT transmitters (IoT-Ts) is investigated. The UAVs are utilized as flying robot swarms that intelligently transfer energy to the energy-constrained IoT-Ts on the ground. Each IoT-T has an associated IoT device (IoT-D) that is placed at a fixed distance in a random direction. The transmission probability of the energy-constrained IoT-Ts is derived by considering one-slot charging and two-slot charging according to three dimensional (3D) locations, respectively. The coverage probability of each type of IoT-D is investigated. The energy efficiency is derived by considering the transmission power of the active IoT-Ts and the effect of the association biasing factor, and the energy efficiency is also maximized by deploying the optimal density of IoT-Ts. Simulation results are examined to validate the accuracy of our theoretical analysis. Results illustrate the insightful effects of the network parameters, and the helpful guidelines for practical UAV swarms and IoT system design.
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Yao et al. (2019) studied this question.
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