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Among higher plants, C3 species have high levels of photorespiration, which limit the rate of net carbon dioxide assimilation. C4 plants have evolved a mechanism that overcomes photorespiration. Some species have photorespiration levels intermediate to C3 and C4 species, as well as other intermediate anatomical, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. These C3-C4 intermediates provide excellent opportunities for studying how photorespiration is reduced, as well as the genetics and evolution of C4 photosynthesis.
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Monson et al. (1984) studied this question.
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