Synthetic study demonstrates copper-catalyzed sequential coupling to form fused phenanthridines and quinolines under microwave heating, highlighting versatile pathways for complex polycycles.
A modular synthetic method for benzimidazole‐fused phenanthridines, benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐ f ]phenanthridines, has been developed via copper‐catalyzed sequential C(sp 2 )─C and C(sp 2 )─N bond formations between 2‐(2‐bromoaryl)benzimidazoles and 2‐bromoarylboronic acids under microwave irradiation. The construction of benzimidazole‐fused quinolines, benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐ a ]quinolines, is also achieved by treating 2‐(2‐bromovinyl)benzimidazoles with 2‐bromophenylboronic acid under similar copper catalysis. A control experiment indicates the involvement of competing copper‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura‐type C─C and Ullmann‐type C─N coupling pathways.
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Lee et al. (2026) studied this question.
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