Experimental study reveals reduced overtopping discharge at oblique wave angles but localized surges in concave seawall sections, informing updated coastal engineering design factors.
The effects of oblique wave incidence and a symmetrical concave section on wave overtopping at vertical structures were investigated through 3D hydraulic model experiments. The experimental parameters included incident wave conditions, freeboard, and wave incidence angle. The average wave overtopping discharge decreased as the incidence angle increased. For the symmetrical concave section, the wave overtopping discharge near the center of the concave section was quantitatively found to be greater than that at the other locations. Based on the experimental results for vertical structure, modification factors for wave overtopping discharge were derived.
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Kim et al. (2026) studied this question.
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