Research and technology infrastructures in the European hydrogen economy: Status, needs and innovation concepts

Research and Technology Infrastructures (RTIs) are central enablers of hydrogen technology development, yet their strategic potential remains underutilised in Europe. This review systematically assesses the European RTI landscape for clean hydrogen in comparison with global developments, using a Readiness Level framework and a comprehensive typology to analyse RTIs across the hydrogen value chain. The findings indicate that RTI ecosystems outside Europe exhibit examples of greater structural coherence, robust funding mechanisms, and stronger alignment with policy objectives. Conversely, the European context is characterized by fragmentation, limited access, and a reliance on short-term funding models. To address these challenges, this review proposes the adoption of coordinated governance structures, sustained lifecycle funding, improved industrial access pathways, and the integration of digital tools such as AI-driven experimentation. The main outcomes include: (i) a technology-neutral classification of RTIs, (ii) a systematic gap analysis, and (iii) targeted recommendations for policymakers, funding bodies, and infrastructure operators.