The Co valence state and the location of Co dopant atoms in ZnO:Co thin films revealing anomalous Hall effect below 50K have been determined by electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) measurements and atom location by channeling enhanced microanalysis (ALCHEMI), respectively. The method of ALCHEMI-EELS to investigate the dopant in materials was brought. It was used to determine that the intrinsic ferromagnetism in ZnO:Co thin films derives from the +2 Co which substitute for Zn atoms at Zn sites in the ZnO matrix. The divalent Co state in ZnO:Co has been unambiguously proven by modeling the corresponding EELS data.
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Liu et al. (2007) studied this question.
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