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Using a laser-Doppler split-phase measuring technique, the rates of fluctuation in horizontal and vertical directions of pipe flow containing solid particles were observed. Employing these observations the effect of particles on flow turbulence was analyzed and a formula for determining the initial condition of particles restraining the flow turbulence in the mainstream region was developed. The mechanisms affecting the energy loss of flow were then analyzed.
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Liu et al. (2004) studied this question.
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