GRB 990712: First Indication of Polarization Variability in a Gamma‐Ray Burst Afterglow

We report the detection of significant polarization in the optical afterglow of GRB 990712 on three instances: 0.44, 0.70, and 1.45 days after the gamma-ray burst, with ( P , θ) being (2.9% ± 0.4%, 121 1 ± 3 5), (1.2% ± 0.4%, 116 2 ± 10 1), and (2.2% ± 0.7%, 139 2 ± 10 4), respectively. The polarization is intrinsic to the afterglow. The degree of polarization is not constant and is smallest at the second measurement. The polarization angle does not vary significantly during these observations. We find that none of the existing models predict such polarization variations at a constant polarization angle; we suggest ways in which these models might be modified to accommodate the observed behavior of this afterglow.