Hoover, R. and P. Cole (Harvard Univ. School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. 02115). Population trends in cigarette smoking and bladder cancer.Amer J Epidem 94: 409–418, 1971.—An association between cigarette smoking and bladder cancer has frequently been demonstrated. The causal nature of the association has, however, remained in doubt. Because of this, trends in smoking habits and bladder cancer experience were examined for successive birth cohorts of men and women in the United States, Denmark and England and Wales. Increasing rates of the disease were observed in populations characterized by an increase in smoking among successive birth cohorts. The association is consistent in both sexes, different nationalities and in urban and rural groups. This makes it unlikely that the findings result from an association both of smoking and bladder cancer with a third variable.
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Hoover et al. (1971) studied this question.