Extending Cystoscopic Techniques Into the Ureter and Renal Pelvis

The availability of extended-length, small-caliber endoscopes allows the use of many cystoscopic techniques in the ureter and renal pelvis. Although the instruments are rigid, they can be passed transurethrally in both male and female patients to allow the urologist to diagnose and treat many lesions of the upper urinary tract. The success of our series demonstrates the utility and safety of the technique, which often eliminates the need for surgical exposure of the lesions. (JAMA1983;250:2002-2005)