Cooperativity is a phenomenon of universal importance in biological systems and has almost as much variety as it has ubiquity. In virtually all ecosystems the cooperativity of groups, species, and individual organisms is evident. The cooperativity known as “mutualism” is one in which one species provides a haven or a metabolic advantage to another species. On a more microscopic level is the “metabolic cooperativity” in which an enzyme or substrate of one pathway can cooperate with another pathway by providing a component that can act as a substrate or a regulator of that pathway.
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Koshland et al. (2002) studied this question.
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