Three-dimensional interconnect analysis using partial element equivalent circuits

Two extensions to the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) approach for interconnect modeling are presented. First, retardation, the effect of the finite speed of electromagnetic interactions, is included. Second, PEEC is extended to include a circuit model of finite-size homogeneous dielectrics. It is shown that the retarded PEEC formulation with the new dielectric model is equivalent to a full-wave solution of Maxwell's equation. Since they can be combined with linear and nonlinear circuits, the resulting models are more flexible than existing full-wave solvers.>