Key result
The proposed outflow boundary approach based on energy loss minimisation accurately predicted the critical stenosis ratio of carotid arteries at around 65%, outperforming other boundary conditions.
A novel CFD boundary condition based on energy loss minimization accurately predicts critical carotid stenosis and flow ratios, matching clinical ultrasound measurements.
May refine CFD carotid stenosis modeling; hypothesis-generating and requires prospective validation before clinical use.
The purpose of this study was to propose an innovative approach of setting outlet boundary conditions for the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of human common carotid arteries (CCAs) bifurcation based on the concept of energy loss minimisation at flow bifurcation. Comparisons between this new approach and previously reported boundary conditions were also made. The results showed that CFD simulation based on the proposed boundary conditions gave an accurate prediction of the critical stenosis ratio of carotid arteries (at around 65%). Other boundary conditions, such as the constant external pressure (P = 0) and constant outflow ratio, either overestimated or underestimated the critical stenosis ratio of carotid arteries. The patient-specific simulation results furthermore indicated that the calculated internal carotid artery flow ratio at CCA bifurcation (61%) coincided with the result obtained by clinical measurements through the use of Colour Doppler ultrasound.
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Zhang et al. (2012) studied Carotid artery stenosis. Proposed outflow boundary approach based on energy loss minimisation vs. Previously reported boundary conditions (constant external pressure and constant outflow ratio) was evaluated on Prediction of the critical stenosis ratio of carotid arteries. The proposed outflow boundary approach based on energy loss minimisation accurately predicted the critical stenosis ratio of carotid arteries at around 65%, outperforming other boundary conditions.
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