Dust in the Very Metal-poor Galaxy Sextans A with JWST. I. Characterizing the Evolved Stellar Population of Sextans A Based on JWST Observations and Stellar Evolution Models

The nearby star-forming dwarf galaxy Sextans A offers a unique window into galaxy evolution in the early Universe, owing to its extremely low metallicity (∼0.01–0.07 Z ⊙ ). Recent JWST imaging of Sextans A spanning 1–21 μ m enables a detailed characterization of its dusty stellar populations and interstellar medium. In this work, we compare the observed JWST color–magnitude distributions of evolved stars with stellar evolution and dust-formation models to characterize the properties of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) population, including progenitor mass, formation epoch, metallicity, and dust production. Evolutionary tracks for 0.8–7 M ⊙ stars with metallicity Z = 10 −3 provide good agreement with the overall distribution of AGB stars in Sextans A. More than 90% of the AGB population occupies a nearly vertical sequence in the color–magnitude diagrams, corresponding to stars spanning a wide range of masses and ages but exhibiting little or no circumstellar dust. This sequence appears to be dominated by oxygen-rich (M-type) AGB stars and reveals that the F444W flux is a robust luminosity diagnostic. A small subset of sources displays strong IR excesses and is dominated by carbon stars descending from 1.25 to 1.5 M ⊙ progenitors that formed ∼2–3 Gyr ago and are currently in the final AGB phases. Their MIRI colors imply very low metallicities, consistent with estimates from the red giant branch morphology (∼0.01–0.02 Z ⊙ ). Finally, we show that the JWST/NIRCam F277W – F444W color serves as an effective proxy for the dust production rate, with models predicting rates up to ∼10 −7 M ⊙ yr −1 for the reddest sources in Sextans A.