Extracellular vesicle tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor are independent discriminators of sepsis-induced coagulopathy

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Background: Sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) remains a challenging clinical entity associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Endothelial injury or activation and extracellular vesicles (EV) are postulated as important determinants of DIC. Objectives: The aim of this study was to test the discriminatory ability of E-selectin, EV, tissue factor (TF) and TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in sepsis-induced coagulopathy. Methods: In this prospective, single-center study, we collected plasma samples within 24 hours after sepsis diagnosis and followed these patients for 5 consecutive days. Overt DIC was determined by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) DIC score. Eighty-seven sepsis patients were recruited (35 with overt DIC) who presented with increased levels of EV, EV-associated TF procoagulant activity (TF-PCA), E-selectin, TF, and TFPI at admission compared with healthy subjects. Increased TF-PCA was not sensitive in detecting sepsis-associated DIC; however, levels above 1.38 pg/mL showed high specificity in this cohort (sensitivity 27%, specificity 95%). The hazard ratio to progress to DIC over 5 days was 1.14 (95% CI, 0.64-2.07) for TF-PCA levels of 0.5 pg/mL or higher and 3.18 (95% CI, 1.74-5.79) for TFPI levels of 22.28 ng/mL or higher at admission. Conclusion: These findings highlight the pivotal roles of TF-PCA and TFPI in an early phase of sepsis-induced DIC. Only EV-associated and functionally active TF and not TF antigen levels showed a predictive potential regarding DIC. These novel results might support the improvement of diagnostic or even therapeutic strategies to mitigate the devastating consequences of DIC in septic patients.