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August 30, 2026CLEAN - Soil Air Water

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) Pollution Status of Soil, Water, and Edible Vegetables Within Cashew Nut Processing Clusters in Enugu, Nigeria

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Authors

EAEdidiong S. AkwaowoHAHillary Onyeka AbuguJIJanefrances Ngozi Ihedioha

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Overview

Environmental assessment reveals substantial polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in soil, water, and edible crops near processing clusters, indicating potential non-carcinogenic health...

Key Points

  • To evaluate concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) across soil, water, and edible plants near cashew processing clusters and assess corresponding human and ecological risks.
  • Extracted and quantified 16 PAH congeners from environmental and food samples using gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID).
  • Identified emission origins via diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis, accompanied by mutagenic, human health, and ecological risk calculations.
  • PAH concentrations ranged from 786.31 to 2589.46 µg/kg in soil, 33.78 to 5476.37 µg/L in water, and 561.47 to 3047.84 µg/kg in edible vegetables.
  • Ecological assessments pinpointed acenaphthene as the primary contaminant, while mutagenic equivalent levels were largely driven by benzo[a]pyrene metabolites.
  • Health risk models demonstrated potential non-carcinogenic hazards for local populations consuming contaminated water and vegetables resulting from incomplete biomass and fossil fuel burning.

Cite This Study

Akwaowo et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a93f0696c1a8fb52e79c8achttps://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70263
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