The Missing Middle: Preparation, Practice, and Equity in Middle School Choral Education in the United States

In this narrative literature review, we synthesize research on middle school choral education in the United States from 2000 to 2025. Based on the analysis of over 40 empirical and practitioner pieces, three key themes emerged: (a) developmentally responsive pedagogy for adolescent singers, (b) student engagement and motivation, and (c) equity and inclusion. Findings suggest that the importance of relational trust, cultures of belonging, and differentiated developmentally responsive pedagogy are well-supported in the literature. Findings also suggest that gaps remain in terms of preservice preparation for the middle school context as well as uneven attention to gendered voice change. Further, we argue that there is also an aspiration–application divide between goals of equity and classroom practice. Based on the findings, we argue for a need for both technical and relational aspects within teacher education and that middle school choral music represents a vital yet still underexplored context within music education.