What does this research mean for the field?

The mapping of specific landscape elements to cultural ecosystem services is highly context-dependent and varies across individual parks, suggesting that park planning should be organized around intended services rather than standardized element inventories. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.INCREMENTAL. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

What question did this study set out to answer?

Determine how specific natural and built landscape elements contribute to distinct cultural ecosystem services across a tiered urban forest park system.

August 30, 2026LandOpen Access

Which Landscape Elements Deliver Which Cultural Ecosystem Services? Multimodal Evidence from a Tiered Urban Forest Park System

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Authors

LLLu LuGuangxi University YXYao XiaoGeorgia Institute of Technology JWJuanyu WuState Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Built Environment

Discussion

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Implication

Observational multimodal analysis reveals divergent impacts of landscape elements on cultural ecosystem services across urban forest parks, highlighting the need for tailored service planning.

Key Points

Determine how specific natural and built landscape elements contribute to distinct cultural ecosystem services across a tiered urban forest park system.
Evaluated 20,447 visitor reviews and 18,997 photographs across 15 national-, provincial-, and municipal-level forest parks in Guangzhou, China (2020–2024).
Applied a 2,660-term dictionary to quantify nine cultural ecosystem services and a fine-tuned deep learning classifier to detect 28 landscape elements.
Used multiple correspondence analysis to describe element-service structures and ridge regression to model associations within four case parks.
Natural features positively associated with ecological, aesthetic, and inspirational services, whereas built infrastructure primarily supported cultural, social, and wellness services.
Certain landscape elements showed conflicting associations across services, with seasonal forests predicting higher aesthetic appreciation but lower recreation, and water features increasing aesthetic value while decreasing inspiration.
Dynamic biological elements appeared rarely in visitor imagery, with birds (0.43%), insects (0.12%), and fish (0.08%) ranking lowest among all 28 identified elements.

Cite This Study

Lu et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a93f0b06c1a8fb52e79d101 https://doi.org/10.3390/land15091586

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August 30, 2026LandOpen Access

Which Landscape Elements Deliver Which Cultural Ecosystem Services? Multimodal Evidence from a Tiered Urban Forest Park System

View Full Paper

Ask AI

Bookmark

Authors

LLLu LuGuangxi University YXYao XiaoGeorgia Institute of Technology JWJuanyu WuState Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Built Environment

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Observational multimodal analysis reveals divergent impacts of landscape elements on cultural ecosystem services across urban forest parks, highlighting the need for tailored service planning.

Key Points

Determine how specific natural and built landscape elements contribute to distinct cultural ecosystem services across a tiered urban forest park system.
Evaluated 20,447 visitor reviews and 18,997 photographs across 15 national-, provincial-, and municipal-level forest parks in Guangzhou, China (2020–2024).
Applied a 2,660-term dictionary to quantify nine cultural ecosystem services and a fine-tuned deep learning classifier to detect 28 landscape elements.
Used multiple correspondence analysis to describe element-service structures and ridge regression to model associations within four case parks.
Natural features positively associated with ecological, aesthetic, and inspirational services, whereas built infrastructure primarily supported cultural, social, and wellness services.
Certain landscape elements showed conflicting associations across services, with seasonal forests predicting higher aesthetic appreciation but lower recreation, and water features increasing aesthetic value while decreasing inspiration.
Dynamic biological elements appeared rarely in visitor imagery, with birds (0.43%), insects (0.12%), and fish (0.08%) ranking lowest among all 28 identified elements.

Cite This Study

Lu et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a93f0b06c1a8fb52e79d101 https://doi.org/10.3390/land15091586

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