Goalkeepers profile in Portuguese competitions: effects of competitive level in both defensive and offensive performances

This study compared offensive and defensive performances of goalkeepers across three competitive levels (1st, 2nd and 3rd DIV) using 947 matches from Portuguese competitions in the 2022–2023 season (324 in 1st DIV, 42 goalkeepers; 307 in 2nd DIV, 44 goalkeepers; 316 in 3rd DIV, 48 goalkeepers). Offensive metrics (passing, goal kicks, ball losses, number of actions) and defensive metrics (saves, reflexes, shots and goals conceded, exits, aerial challenges, ball recoveries, interceptions, clearances) were analysed. A Negative Binomial GLMM controlling for team quality, opposition quality and match location identified Received Passes and Goal Kicks as the only variables with significant division-associated effects. 1st DIV goalkeepers received more passes per match than 3rd DIV (χ2(2) = 7.09, p = .029; d = −0.44 [−0.55; −0.33], small effect). Goal Kicks were more frequent in 2nd DIV than 3rd DIV (χ2(2) = 7.57, p = .023; d = −0.26 [−0.38; −0.15], small effect). Reflexes showed a borderline, non-significant trend after covariate adjustment (p = .055; d = −0.16, trivial), and no other variable reached significance. These division-associated patterns provide a descriptive reference for goalkeeper coaches and analysts; applied recommendations for training design or player profiling should await replication in prospective designs with individual-level data.