From redox chemistry to device integration: next-generation supercapacitors engineered from metal telluride, sulfide, and selenide heterostructures with MXenes and MOFs comparison, progress, challenges, and prospects

Metal chalcogenides, including tellurides, sulfides, and selenides, have become promising materials for high-performance supercapacitors due to their redox activity, high theoretical capacity, and tunable structures. This review discusses challenges, architectural design, synthesis strategies, with side-by-side comparison of chalcogenide–MOF and chalcogenide–MXene composite systems for supercapacitor applications. MOFs provide large surface areas and intrinsic porosity, while MXenes offer exceptional electrical conductivity, layered architecture, and mechanical robustness. The review further discusses conductivity limitations, restacking phenomena, and electrochemical degradation, with emphasis on charge storage capacity, power output, response efficiency, coulombic efficiency, and operational durability, along with prospects for flexible, wearable, and micro-supercapacitors.