EURO-MUSCULUS/USPRM phantom recipe for (musculoskeletal) interventional ultrasound training

Figures

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  Figure 1. —Phantom for visualizing the needle as well as for practicing in-plane and out-of-plane techniques.

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  Figure 2. —Lumbar vertebra anatomical phantom. The plastic model is positioned in the container (A) and directly embedded in the gelatin (B). In this example, blue food coloring was used; therefore the solidified models (C) mimic human periosteum surrounded by hypo-/an-echoic substance. The US image (D) shows the lumbar vertebra in transverse plane. a: spinous process; b: facet joint; c: transverse process.

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  Figure 3. —Posterior shoulder joint bio-anatomical phantom. A) Production of the glenohumeral capsule and labrum with a dissected pork paratenon membrane (*). B) Production of the muscular layers with chicken breast. C) Solidified model. D) US image of the advanced shoulder phantom - mimicking the humeral head (1), glenoid (2), posterior labrum (3), infraspinatus (4) and deltoid (5) muscles, subcutaneous (6) and cutaneous (7) layers.

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  Figure 4. —Lumbar spine bio-anatomical phantom. A) Plastic lower spine model. B) Chicken breast attached to the plastic model mimicking the erector spinae muscle. C) The anatomical preparation embedded in gelatin. D) US imaging of the model shows the spinous process (1), facet joint (2), transverse process (3), erector spinae muscle (4), subcutaneous layer (5). E) An in-plane technique and lateral-to-medial approach can be used to inject the facet joint of the lumbar bio-anatomical phantom. Void arrowheads: needle.

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  Figure 5. —Production of the Achilles tendon using pork tendons. A) The pork tendons are already enveloped in a paratenon-like structure made of connective tissue. B) After the thin bottom layer of gelatin is solidified, three tendons are put in the same phantom to allow multiple simulations for hydro-dissection. C) US image of the Achilles tendon phantom whereby an interface is seen between the epitenon (void arrowheads) and paratenon (1). D) Training for hydro-dissection - the epitenon-paratenon interface is being filled with hypoechoic fluid by using an in-plane technique. 2: tendon tissue.